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Traditional farming has been an integral component of life in Nepal for decades, with agriculture serving as the country's economic backbone. The bulk of Nepal's population works in agriculture, and traditional agricultural practices are still commonly used today. Traditional farming in Nepal mainly involves manual labor, with farmers employing hand tools and traditional methods for cultivating the land. In addition to using irrigation systems, many farmers irrigate their farms using monsoon rainfall. In Nepal, traditional crops such rice, wheat, maize, millet, and barley are cultivated. Terrace farming is a prevalent traditional farming method in Nepal, where farmers build steps into slopes of mountains to create level spaces for sowing crops. This strategy enables farmers to make the best use of available land while reducing soil erosion. Another ancient agricultural method in Nepal is tilling the field with animal-drawn plows and fertilizing with animal dung. While traditional farming has long been a way of life in Nepal, the agriculture sector is currently suffering difficulties. Farmers in Nepal are dealing with a number of problems, including land degradation, climate change, and restricted access to modern equipment and knowledge. There is a rising need for investment in research, education, and technology to support traditional agricultural traditions and increase crop yields in order to solve these issues and promote sustainable agriculture practices. Read more about agriculture in Nepal:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903686_Overview_of_Agriculture_in_Nepal_Issues_and_future_Strategies" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903686_Overview_of_Agriculture_in_Nepal_Issues_and_future_Strategies</a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-017-0074-7#:~:text=(Altieri%201999a).-,Agroforestry%2C%20intercropping%2C%20crop%20rotation%2C%20cover%20cropping%2C%20traditional%20organic,are%20prominent%20traditional%20agricultural%20practices." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article</a>

Traditional Farming

Although it is a relatively new idea in Nepal, vertical farming has the potential to completely transform the nation's agricultural sector. Vertical farming can offer a solution for producing crops in Nepal when there is a lack of arable land and the steep environment restricts traditional farming methods. Vertical farming is a technique for producing crops in vertically stacked layers that makes use of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) technologies. This technology optimizes crop growth conditions by employing artificial lighting, temperature control, and other ways. Vertical farms may be constructed in buildings or even containers, making better use of urban space and minimizing the need for food transportation from rural regions. In Nepal, vertical farming has several advantages. 1) Increased agricultural yields: Because crops may be stacked vertically, vertical farming can produce more crops per unit space than conventional farming techniques. 2) Water may be recycled and reused inside the system, therefore vertical farming consumes less water than ordinary farming. 3) Reduced pesticide use: Because pests and illnesses can't enter the system because of the regulated environment, vertical farming can lessen the demand for pesticides. 4) Vertical farming has the ability to grow crops all year round, regardless of the climate or the time of year. 5) Local production: By supplying metropolitan areas with fresh produce, vertical farming can lessen the demand for long-distance shipping and assist regional food systems. Despite the advantages, there remain obstacles to vertical farming's implementation in Nepal, including the upfront expense of building up the infrastructure and the requirement for qualified employees to run the system. However, with the right funding and assistance, vertical farming might revolutionize Nepal's agricultural sector, addressing food security in a sustainable way and fostering economic growth. Read more about the concept of Vertical Farming:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319248372_Opportunities_and_Challenges_in_Sustainability_of_Vertical_Farming_A_Review" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319248372_Opportunities_and_Challenges_in_Sustainability_of_Vertical_Farming_A_Review</a> <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346115226_Vertical_Farming_The_future_of_farming_in_context_of_Nepal" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346115226_Vertical_Farming_The_future_of_farming_in_context_of_Nepal</a> <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342476887_Rooftop_Gardening_as_A_Need_for_Sustainable_Urban_Farming_A_case_of_Kathmandu_Nepal" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342476887_Rooftop_Gardening_as_A_Need_for_Sustainable_Urban_Farming_A_case_of_Kathmandu_Nepal</a>

Veritical Farming

CropsTools and TechniquesIrrigation TechniquesChallengesOpportunities

Farming Practices in Himalayan Region

Read: <a href="https://frtc.gov.np/downloadfile/finalReport%20agroforestry_1598333214.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://frtc.gov.np/downloadfile/finalReport%20agroforestry_1598333214.pdf</a> <a href="https://www.fao.org/3/x6906e/x6906e09.htm#:~:text=Terai%20is%20the%20main%20area,are%20the%20main%20agricultural%20produce." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.fao.org/3/x6906e/x6906e09.htm#:~:text=Terai%20is%20the%20main%20area,are%20the%20main%20agricultural%20produce.</a>

Farming Practices in Terai Region

A "Food Green City" (FGC) is a type of eco-city that enables its citizens to live in peace with environment, culture, and the future while consuming the fewest resources possible. It is also a process of "restructuring the cities," with the goal of establishing spatial equality and perfection in urban ecosystems for long-term development that allows for coexistence of man and natural systems. The idea behind FGC is to create "Something from Nothing" by harnessing light energy for the purpose of turning it into food energy using city plants (Shrestha, 2004). Eight PLEASURE principles associated with FGC are:&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Plenty of Food Green Space (Urban Productive Greening),&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Living and Working Together,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Ensuring minimal resource consumption,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Achieving sustainable neighborhood&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The 3 Bs (Boot, Bike, and Bus) system;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. The use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Restructuring cities with community involvement and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8. Zero Waste Emission Initiatives (Shrestha et al. 2012)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;However, considering our situation, we must act practically and determine our feasibility. In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, this initiative strives to build a food-green city based on these contexts and our ability to do so. Reference: <a href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJST/article/view/45808" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJST/article/view/45808</a>

Concept For Food Green City

Read at:<a href="https://www.fao.org/3/T0706E/T0706E02.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.fao.org/3/T0706E/T0706E02.htm</a> <a href="https://frtc.gov.np/downloadfile/finalReport%20agroforestry_1598333214.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://frtc.gov.np/downloadfile/finalReport%20agroforestry_1598333214.pdf</a>

Farming Practices in Hilly Region

Traditional farming and the market are inextricably linked in Nepal, where the bulk of agricultural goods are still marketed through traditional marketplaces. Traditional marketplaces, also known as bazaars or haats, are often found in rural regions and serve as vital centers for farmers to sell their wares and shoppers to buy fresh goods. In conventional marketplaces, farmers sell their produce directly to wholesalers or merchants by bringing it to the market. The fresh food may then be bought by customers directly from the market, sometimes for less money than in cities. Traditional markets in Nepal are renowned for their vibrant and energetic environment, with sellers offering a variety of goods from fresh produce and animals to handicrafts and jewelry. Traditional markets in Nepal, on the other hand, suffer a number of obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and modern facilities, restricted access to funding and marketing possibilities, and the difficulty of satisfying food safety and quality requirements. As a result, some farmers are selling their crops through alternate marketplaces such as internet platforms and retail chains. In order to support traditional farming and markets in Nepal, infrastructure, marketing, and education must be invested in. This involves the construction of new market facilities, enhanced transportation networks to connect farmers to markets, and farmer training programs to assist farmers boost agricultural yields while meeting food safety and quality standards. There is also an increasing need to encourage sustainable agriculture techniques that benefit both farmers and the environment.

Traditional Farming and Market in Nepal

In Nepal, modern farming is becoming more and more popular as a substitute for conventional farming methods. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies like biotechnology, remote sensing, and precision agriculture, modern farming methods aim to boost agricultural output, efficiency, and sustainability. Farmers are progressively implementing contemporary strategies to boost productivity and enhance the quality of their crops as a result of technological advancements and growing awareness. The utilization of high-yielding seed types is one of the most important contemporary farming techniques in Nepal. These seeds were created via scientific study and are intended to outperform conventional seeds in terms of yield, disease resistance, and water usage. Additionally, farmers are employing hybrid seeds, which are a consequence of crossing two distinct crop species and produce a plant that is more robust and fruitful. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is another contemporary agricultural practice that is being used in Nepal. Crops can be protected from pests and illnesses while having their yield increased by using these items. However, its incorrect and excessive usage can result in soil deterioration, water source pollution, and health issues for farmers and consumers. Use of these products must be prudent and responsible as a result. Greenhouse farming: Due to its ability to grow crops in a controlled environment that results in higher yields and better-quality product, greenhouse farming is growing in popularity in Nepal. Growing veggies and flowers benefit greatly from this method. Overall, the desire to boost output, lessen environmental effect, and satisfy a more affluent consumer are what are driving modern farming in Nepal. The industry is expanding quickly and is likely to do so in the upcoming years, even if there are still issues to be resolved, such as access to funding and training. &nbsp;If the issues are Nepali agriculture has a good future. Read more at:<a href="https://www.feedthefuture.gov/article/from-manual-to-mechanical-local-cooperatives-empower-nepali-farmers-with-the-latest-tools/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.feedthefuture.gov/article/from-manual-to-mechanical-local-cooperatives-empower-nepali-farmers-with-the-latest-tools/</a> <a href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/modern-agriculture-how-sustainable" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/modern-agriculture-how-sustainable</a> <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">file:///D:/DOCS/Downloads/16094.pdf</a>

Modern Farming

SDG 1: No Poverty: By contributing to urban agriculture, Principle 1 indirectly helps to enhance the lives of the urban poor (Hubert et al. 2010).&nbsp; SDG 2: Zero Hunger: By achieving food security, enhancing nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture, FGC links SDG 2: Zero Hunger. Urban residents can get their food through urban agriculture. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being:&nbsp;Principle 1 of FGC promote urban green spaces that provide clean, fresh air, and supports improvements in the health sector. Urban Agriculture fosters social contact and offers recreational possibilities, all of which are beneficial to health. SDG 4: Quality Education: FGC's Principle 1 assists with hands-on education in food production, while Principles 3, 6, and 8 indirectly support the promotion of educational possibilities. Activities related to urban agriculture can be utilized to raise public knowledge of food production. SDG 5: Gender Equality: FGC principles 1, 5, 7, and 8 indirectly promote this target by encouraging women urban farmers to grow food for their households in order to end famine and save income for additional expenses. SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation: FGC principles 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 promote efficacy, improved infrastructure, and technologies that are energy-efficient to improve cleanliness, disposal of waste, pollution management, and sanitation. Urban greenery enhances water quality, aquatic ecosystem resilience, and storm water management efficiency. SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy: FGC principles 6 improve effectiveness, enhanced facilities, and resource-efficient eco-technology. SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth: FGC principles 1 and 2 provide fair green job opportunities for sustained productivity. Principles 1 and 6 provide an atmosphere for work. In order to have a beneficial influence, community gardens are crucial, and urban agricultural activities may provide more revenue, business, information, and opportunity.&nbsp; SDG 9: Infrastructure, Industry, and Innovation: Urban agriculture is crucial for a city's sustenance and includes a wide range of parties, including farmers, residents, architects, policy makers, and institutions of higher learning and research. This objective has a clear relationship to FGC principles 1 and 2. SDG 10: Reduced Inequality: Urban agriculture (UA) contributes to inclusivity in society and a decrease in gender disparities. FGC's first principle offers women the chance to participate in urban agricultural projects, giving them access to fulfilling economic prospects. SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities:&nbsp;Urban agriculture provides advantages such as lowering environmental impact, increasing biodiversity and air quality, and minimizing city garbage. The guiding concepts of Food Green Cities include better urban design, access to secure and effective public transportation, greener and open spaces, improved air quality, an environmentally friendly neighborhood, less household waste, and emergency preparedness for catastrophes. SDG 12: Consumption and Production:&nbsp;Urban agriculture promotes food knowledge and understanding while giving those with limited income access to food and green space. Food Green Cities are eco-cities focused on resource sharing and low waste. SDG 13: Climate Action: Urban gardens contribute to preserving the urban climate and supporting biodiversity. Food Green Cities work to improve air quality and encourage physical activity while lowering carbon emissions, energy use, and food miles. This is a crucial route for reducing climate change. SDG 14: Life Below Water: Though Nepal is a landlocked counrty we have enough freshwater resource. The FGC principles 1, 6, and 8 can help to reduce fresh water demand and ground recharge. SDG 15: Life on Land: Guided by FGC Principle 1, it focuses on the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: With access to local food, a sustainable transportation system, public and private sector engagement, and energy-efficient technology, Green City's guiding principles aim to assist city people in living in organized and diverse environments with close living and working together in a more sustainable way. SDG 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal: FGC promotes public-private partnerships, development partners, and international community support to address capacity building requirements. Partnerships are necessary to accomplish the SDGs. Reference:<a href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJST/article/view/45808" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJST/article/view/45808</a>

Linkage Between SDGs and FGC

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without using soil as a medium for their roots. Instead, plants are grown in a nutrient-rich water solution, either directly or using an inert medium like perlite, coco coir, or rockwool to support the plants' root systems. The necessary nutrients are dissolved in the water solution, which is carefully controlled and monitored to provide optimal conditions for plant growth.In hydroponic systems, plants receive essential nutrients directly to their roots, allowing for more efficient nutrient uptake and faster growth compared to traditional soil-based cultivation. The water and nutrient solution is typically recirculated to minimize waste and maintain a sustainable approach to farming. This method also provides precise control over environmental factors such as pH levels, temperature, and lighting, enabling year-round cultivation and the ability to grow crops in areas with limited access to arable land.Hydroponics offers several advantages, including higher yields, reduced water usage (compared to conventional soil farming), and the ability to grow crops in urban or indoor settings. It also minimizes the risk of soil-borne diseases and pests, as well as the need for pesticides and herbicides. However, hydroponics requires careful monitoring and maintenance of nutrient levels, pH balance, and other environmental factors to ensure optimal plant growth and health.Read more about it here:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354178392_Economic_viability_of_hydroponic_system_a_case_from_Kathmandu_valley" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354178392_Economic_viability_of_hydroponic_system_a_case_from_Kathmandu_valley</a>

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